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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Hilbertraumbasis</span></h1>
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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content mw-content-ltr" lang="de" dir="ltr"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="de" dir="ltr"><p>Als <b>Hilbertraumbasis</b> wird in der <a href="Funktionalanalysis" title="Funktionalanalysis">Funktionalanalysis</a> eine <a href="Basis_(Vektorraum)" title="Basis (Vektorraum)">Basis</a> eines <a href="Hilbertraum" title="Hilbertraum">Hilbert-Raums</a> bezeichnet. Ein Hilbertraum ist ein (oft unendlichdimensionaler) <a href="Vektorraum" title="Vektorraum">Vektorraum</a>, der mit einem <a href="Skalarprodukt" title="Skalarprodukt">Skalarprodukt</a> ausgestattet ist und mit der <a href="Skalarproduktnorm" title="Skalarproduktnorm">induzierten Norm</a> <a href="Vollst%C3%A4ndiger_Raum" title="Vollständiger Raum">vollständig</a> ist.
</p><p>Der natürliche Basisbegriff eines Hilbertraums ist die Verallgemeinerung der <a href="Orthonormalbasis" title="Orthonormalbasis">Orthonormalbasis</a> der euklidischen Geometrie, das vollständige <a href="Orthonormalsystem" class="mw-redirect" title="Orthonormalsystem">Orthonormalsystem</a> bzw. die <a href="Hilbertbasis" class="mw-redirect" title="Hilbertbasis">Hilbertbasis</a>. Manchmal, z. B. in der <a href="Wavelet" title="Wavelet">Wavelettheorie</a>, arbeitet man mit Erzeugendensystemen eines Hilbertraumes, von denen die Orthogonalität nur schwer oder gar nicht nachzuweisen ist.
</p><p>Dieser Artikel beschäftigt sich vornehmlich mit solchen Hilbertraumbasen, die keine Orthonormalsysteme, also keine Hilbertbasen sind.
</p><p>Im endlichdimensionalen Fall ist die Alternative zu einer Orthonormalbasis eine allgemeine, nicht orthogonale Basis. Für jede Basis im Endlichdimensionalen fallen die zwei charakteristischen Eigenschaften zusammen: Eine Basis ist ein maximales linear unabhängiges System und gleichzeitig ein minimales Erzeugendensystem.
</p><p>Im unendlichdimensionalen Fall ist das „stabile“ Abweichen vom Begriff der Hilbert-Basis nicht so einfach. Von Spezialfällen abgesehen, verlangt man von einer Basis jedoch, dass jeder Vektor des Hilbertraums eindeutig bestimmte Koordinaten besitzt, die sich stetig mit dem Vektor ändern, sowie dass jeder Vektor durch seine Koordinaten eineindeutig bestimmt wird, mehr noch, dass es zu jedem System zulässiger Koordinaten einen stetig von diesen Koordinaten abhängenden Vektor gibt. Mit anderen Worten, es soll eine bijektive, in beide Richtungen stetige lineare Abbildung des Hilbertraumes in einen Koordinatenraum geben.
</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Motivation_am_euklidischen_Fall">Motivation am euklidischen Fall</h2></div>
<p>In einem <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>n</mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a601995d55609f2d9f5e233e36fbe9ea26011b3b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.395ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n}" loading="lazy"></span>-dimensionalen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle K}">
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mi>K</mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle K}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2b76fce82a62ed5461908f0dc8f037de4e3686b0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.066ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle K}" loading="lazy"></span>-<a href="Vektorraum" title="Vektorraum">Vektorraum</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V}">
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>V</mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/af0f6064540e84211d0ffe4dac72098adfa52845.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.787ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V}" loading="lazy"></span> ist eine Basis <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (b_{1},b_{2},\dots ,b_{n})}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>b</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
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</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>b</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>b</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (b_{1},b_{2},\dots ,b_{n})}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/577f6986fdd993b814da338de6ceaad255600660.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:14.341ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (b_{1},b_{2},\dots ,b_{n})}" loading="lazy"></span> insbesondere dadurch charakterisiert, dass zu ihr eine bijektive Abbildung zwischen dem Vektorraum <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>V</mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/af0f6064540e84211d0ffe4dac72098adfa52845.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.787ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V}" loading="lazy"></span> und dem Modellvektorraum <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle K^{n}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>K</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle K^{n}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1d63366b3d00300e06eee81786182062b98775c5.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:3.312ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle K^{n}}" loading="lazy"></span> erzeugt werden kann:
</p><p><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E\colon K^{n}\to V,\qquad {\text{mit}}\quad x=(x^{1},\dots ,x^{n})^{t}\mapsto E\cdot x=b_{1}x^{1}+b_{2}x^{2}+\dots +b_{n}x^{n}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>E</mi>
<mo>:<!-- : --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>K</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
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<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mi>V</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mspace width="2em"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>mit</mtext>
</mrow>
<mspace width="1em"></mspace>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
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</msup>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<msup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
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</msup>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>t</mi>
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</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">↦<!-- ↦ --></mo>
<mi>E</mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>b</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
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<msup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mi>b</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
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</msub>
<msup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
<mo>⋯<!-- ⋯ --></mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mi>b</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
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</msub>
<msup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E\colon K^{n}\to V,\qquad {\text{mit}}\quad x=(x^{1},\dots ,x^{n})^{t}\mapsto E\cdot x=b_{1}x^{1}+b_{2}x^{2}+\dots +b_{n}x^{n}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/658010b6825a53e35cac35d8866c8b7258caa3d7.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:76.563ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E\colon K^{n}\to V,\qquad {\text{mit}}\quad x=(x^{1},\dots ,x^{n})^{t}\mapsto E\cdot x=b_{1}x^{1}+b_{2}x^{2}+\dots +b_{n}x^{n}}" loading="lazy"></span>.
</p><p>Diese Abbildung kodiert wiederum die Basis, denn die Bilder der kanonischen Basisvektoren <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (e_{1},e_{2},\dots ,e_{n})}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>e</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>e</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>e</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (e_{1},e_{2},\dots ,e_{n})}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/534941328b8b2dea29d9e5b99db807a8ef84849d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:14.599ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (e_{1},e_{2},\dots ,e_{n})}" loading="lazy"></span> des Spaltenvektorraums <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle K^{n}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>K</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle K^{n}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1d63366b3d00300e06eee81786182062b98775c5.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:3.312ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle K^{n}}" loading="lazy"></span> sind gerade die gewählten Basisvektoren von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>V</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/af0f6064540e84211d0ffe4dac72098adfa52845.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.787ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V}" loading="lazy"></span>. Die inverse Abbildung zu dieser ordnet jedem Vektor aus <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>V</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/af0f6064540e84211d0ffe4dac72098adfa52845.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.787ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V}" loading="lazy"></span> seinen Koordinatenvektor bzgl. dieser Basis zu.
</p><p>In diesem Sinne kann man bijektive Abbildungen von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle K^{n}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>K</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle K^{n}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1d63366b3d00300e06eee81786182062b98775c5.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:3.312ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle K^{n}}" loading="lazy"></span> nach <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>V</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/af0f6064540e84211d0ffe4dac72098adfa52845.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.787ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V}" loading="lazy"></span> mit Basen von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>V</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/af0f6064540e84211d0ffe4dac72098adfa52845.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.787ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V}" loading="lazy"></span> identifizieren. Ist auf <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>V</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/af0f6064540e84211d0ffe4dac72098adfa52845.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.787ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V}" loading="lazy"></span> eine <a href="Norm_(Mathematik)" title="Norm (Mathematik)">Norm</a> definiert, so folgt aus der Bijektivität, dass die Koordinaten von Einheitsvektoren weder sehr klein noch sehr groß werden können.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Systeme_von_Vektoren_und_ihre_Eigenschaften">Systeme von Vektoren und ihre Eigenschaften</h2></div>
<p>Sei <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {H}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">H</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\mathcal {H}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/19ef4c7b923a5125ac91aa491838a95ee15b804f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.964ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {H}}}" loading="lazy"></span> ein Hilbertraum über dem Körper <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbb {K} =\mathbb {R} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">K</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbb {K} =\mathbb {R} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/aaa0cac96c9853f0cba61605679cf8963983b5d9.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:6.585ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbb {K} =\mathbb {R} }" loading="lazy"></span> oder <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbb {K} =\mathbb {C} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">K</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">C</mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbb {K} =\mathbb {C} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0a1a8ee77fce00b8ddbd288a297dccae8eab7f8f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:6.585ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbb {K} =\mathbb {C} }" loading="lazy"></span>. Sei weiter <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle X\subset {\mathcal {H}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>X</mi>
<mo>⊂<!-- ⊂ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">H</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle X\subset {\mathcal {H}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1cd580307efda43e1a9cc0ac97260cc01e40d446.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:7.042ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle X\subset {\mathcal {H}}}" loading="lazy"></span> eine (endliche, abzählbare oder gar überabzählbare) Teilmenge des Hilbertraums. Um diese Teilmenge sprachlich von <a href="Untervektorraum" title="Untervektorraum">Untervektorräumen</a> zu unterscheiden, wird <i>X</i> <i>System von Vektoren</i> genannt.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Koeffizientenraum">Koeffizientenraum</h3></div>
<p>Zu jeder endlichen Anzahl von Vektoren aus <i>X</i> kann man ohne Einschränkung Linearkombinationen bilden. Die Koeffizienten einer solchen Linearkombination kann man in einer Funktion <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle c\colon X\to \mathbb {K} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>c</mi>
<mo>:<!-- : --></mo>
<mi>X</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">K</mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle c\colon X\to \mathbb {K} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/63fa65c4dbd4e2433e60af96bd25cc4493fd8228.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:9.443ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle c\colon X\to \mathbb {K} }" loading="lazy"></span> zusammenfassen, die nur an endlich vielen Stellen von Null verschieden ist. Die Linearkombination hat dann die Gestalt
</p>
<dl><dd><dl><dd><dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \sum _{x\in X}c(x)\;x,\quad {\text{ wobei }}\quad \#\{x:\;c(x)\neq 0\}<\infty }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<munder>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mi>X</mi>
</mrow>
</munder>
<mi>c</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mspace width="thickmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mspace width="1em"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>&nbsp;wobei&nbsp;</mtext>
</mrow>
<mspace width="1em"></mspace>
<mi mathvariant="normal">#<!-- # --></mi>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">{</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>:</mo>
<mspace width="thickmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>c</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>≠<!-- ≠ --></mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">}</mo>
<mo>&lt;</mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∞<!-- ∞ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \sum _{x\in X}c(x)\;x,\quad {\text{ wobei }}\quad \#\{x:\;c(x)\neq 0\}&lt;\infty }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e1c2d982bea947780417ecf95220cb4d24d8aa9e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.171ex; width:44.599ex; height:5.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \sum _{x\in X}c(x)\;x,\quad {\text{ wobei }}\quad \#\{x:\;c(x)\neq 0\}<\infty }" loading="lazy"></span>.</dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl>
<p>Auf dem Raum <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \ell ^{\mathrm {fin} }(X)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>ℓ<!-- ℓ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">f</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">n</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>X</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \ell ^{\mathrm {fin} }(X)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/159e28beacdff00d04774a554d232ac6ac09505d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:6.974ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \ell ^{\mathrm {fin} }(X)}" loading="lazy"></span> dieser Funktionen mit endlichem Träger kann man ein Skalarprodukt definieren als
</p>
<dl><dd><dl><dd><dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \langle c,\,d\rangle =\sum _{x\in X}c(x){\overline {d(x)}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟨<!-- ⟨ --></mo>
<mi>c</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>d</mi>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<munder>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mi>X</mi>
</mrow>
</munder>
<mi>c</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mrow>
<mi>d</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo accent="false">¯<!-- ¯ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \langle c,\,d\rangle =\sum _{x\in X}c(x){\overline {d(x)}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0466896a94958795cc3bfd8a0305d0318c6c2f67.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.171ex; width:20.991ex; height:6.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \langle c,\,d\rangle =\sum _{x\in X}c(x){\overline {d(x)}}}" loading="lazy"></span>.</dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl>
<p>Nur endlich viele Terme sind von Null verschieden, d. h. die Summe ist als solche definiert.
</p><p>Jedes Skalarprodukt definiert auch eine Norm und damit eine Metrik. Sei mit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \ell ^{2}(X)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>ℓ<!-- ℓ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>X</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \ell ^{2}(X)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/21cf0070a0d75cc0906a9a5d37e2f20b029b4adb.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:5.813ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \ell ^{2}(X)}" loading="lazy"></span> die Vervollständigung des Raumes <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \ell ^{fin}(X)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>ℓ<!-- ℓ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>f</mi>
<mi>i</mi>
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>X</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \ell ^{fin}(X)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/267386bb7f97428ecf518f069e9b2a1fc6c057dc.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:7.449ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \ell ^{fin}(X)}" loading="lazy"></span> bzgl. dieser Topologie bezeichnet. <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \ell ^{2}(X)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>ℓ<!-- ℓ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>X</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \ell ^{2}(X)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/21cf0070a0d75cc0906a9a5d37e2f20b029b4adb.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:5.813ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \ell ^{2}(X)}" loading="lazy"></span> soll im Folgenden als Koeffizienten- und später als Koordinatenraum dienen. Ist <i>X</i> endlich, so ist dieser Koeffizientenraum isomorph zu einem euklidischen Raum, für <i>X</i> abzählbar ist der Koeffizientenraum isometrisch isomorph zum <a href="Folgenraum" title="Folgenraum">Folgenraum</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \ell ^{2}(\mathbb {N} ,\mathbb {K} )}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>ℓ<!-- ℓ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">N</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">K</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \ell ^{2}(\mathbb {N} ,\mathbb {K} )}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/91936c9b1018e850c15e52bcb7d2de82894df1b4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:8.353ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \ell ^{2}(\mathbb {N} ,\mathbb {K} )}" loading="lazy"></span>.
</p><p>Der Einfachheit halber werden Elemente aus <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \ell ^{2}(X)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>ℓ<!-- ℓ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>X</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \ell ^{2}(X)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/21cf0070a0d75cc0906a9a5d37e2f20b029b4adb.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:5.813ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \ell ^{2}(X)}" loading="lazy"></span> als <i>Koeffizientenvektoren</i> bezeichnet, die Komponente von <i>c</i> zum „Index“ <i>x</i> ist der Wert <i>c(x)</i>. Ein Koeffizientenvektor <i>c</i> heißt endlich, falls der Träger von <i>c</i> endlich ist.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Linearkombinationen">Linearkombinationen</h3></div>
<p>Die einfachste Forderung ist nun, dass es zu jedem Koeffizientenvektor <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle c\in \ell ^{2}(X)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>c</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>ℓ<!-- ℓ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>X</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle c\in \ell ^{2}(X)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/3b7cce4b3495f4a24922d0d46c12524ed64216d2.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:9.661ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle c\in \ell ^{2}(X)}" loading="lazy"></span> auch eine Linearkombination des Systems <i>X</i> geben möge. Im Allgemeinen ist aber die „Summe“
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \sum _{x\in X}c(x)\;x}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<munder>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mi>X</mi>
</mrow>
</munder>
<mi>c</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mspace width="thickmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>x</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \sum _{x\in X}c(x)\;x}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/eb3c497035140afe31cac3b1199a566207e2296e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.171ex; width:9.944ex; height:5.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \sum _{x\in X}c(x)\;x}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>nicht definiert. Für jedes <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \varepsilon >0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ε<!-- ε --></mi>
<mo>&gt;</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \varepsilon &gt;0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e04ec3670b50384a3ce48aca42e7cc5131a06b12.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.344ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \varepsilon >0}" loading="lazy"></span> gibt es aber Koeffizientenvektoren <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\tilde {c}}\in \ell ^{2}(X)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>c</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">~<!-- ~ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>ℓ<!-- ℓ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>X</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\tilde {c}}\in \ell ^{2}(X)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1254fad09fe06482274ced1425232d2a97acf6d1.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:9.945ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\tilde {c}}\in \ell ^{2}(X)}" loading="lazy"></span> mit endlichem Träger und einem Abstand <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \|c-{\tilde {c}}\|_{\ell ^{2}(X)}<\varepsilon }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
<mi>c</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>c</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">~<!-- ~ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msup>
<mi>ℓ<!-- ℓ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>X</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>&lt;</mo>
<mi>ε<!-- ε --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \|c-{\tilde {c}}\|_{\ell ^{2}(X)}&lt;\varepsilon }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4d24ac60b8980cc8d5dad3969c094c6fd93ac805.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.338ex; width:16.075ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \|c-{\tilde {c}}\|_{\ell ^{2}(X)}<\varepsilon }" loading="lazy"></span>, für welche diese Linearkombination definiert ist. Die Frage ist nun, wann diese endlichen Linearkombinationen einen gemeinsamen Grenzwert für <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \varepsilon \to 0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ε<!-- ε --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \varepsilon \to 0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f0a6823c23666f99317e232cf7d02df6d9c9b7a5.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.86ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \varepsilon \to 0}" loading="lazy"></span> haben.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Definition_(Besselsystem)"><span id="Definition_.28Besselsystem.29"></span>Definition (Besselsystem)</h4></div>
<p><i>X</i> heißt <i>Besselsystem</i>, falls die Abbildung <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {E}}\colon \ell ^{2}(X)\to {\mathcal {H}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">E</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>:<!-- : --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>ℓ<!-- ℓ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>X</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">H</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\mathcal {E}}\colon \ell ^{2}(X)\to {\mathcal {H}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f0d1c1a4acde3cfa8b8661fe83685a38094ad303.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:13.736ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {E}}\colon \ell ^{2}(X)\to {\mathcal {H}}}" loading="lazy"></span> mit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \textstyle {\mathcal {E}}(c)=\sum _{x\in X}c(x)\cdot x}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">E</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>c</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<munder>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mi>X</mi>
</mrow>
</munder>
<mi>c</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>x</mi>
</mstyle>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \textstyle {\mathcal {E}}(c)=\sum _{x\in X}c(x)\cdot x}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c50e6e06519bc86be55ae1ebac461c2387318f48.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:20.89ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \textstyle {\mathcal {E}}(c)=\sum _{x\in X}c(x)\cdot x}" loading="lazy"></span> stetig ist, d. h. falls es eine Konstante <i>B</i> gibt mit
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \|\sum _{x\in X}c(x)\,x\|_{\mathcal {H}}\leq {\sqrt {B}}\,\|c\|_{\ell ^{2}(X)}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
<munder>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mi>X</mi>
</mrow>
</munder>
<mi>c</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>x</mi>
<msub>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">H</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>≤<!-- ≤ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<mi>B</mi>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
<mi>c</mi>
<msub>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msup>
<mi>ℓ<!-- ℓ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>X</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \|\sum _{x\in X}c(x)\,x\|_{\mathcal {H}}\leq {\sqrt {B}}\,\|c\|_{\ell ^{2}(X)}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/3fdee5024c465edd82987e4ccb2866fdca30bbdc.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.171ex; width:28.965ex; height:5.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \|\sum _{x\in X}c(x)\,x\|_{\mathcal {H}}\leq {\sqrt {B}}\,\|c\|_{\ell ^{2}(X)}}" loading="lazy"></span>.</dd></dl>
<p><i>Bemerkung:</i> Diese Ungleichung muss nur für endliche Koeffizientenfolgen bzw. -funktionen mit endlichem Träger erfüllt sein, um schon für alle Koeffizientenfolgen bzw. -funktionen zu gelten.
</p><p>Unter diesen Umständen bilden die Bildvektoren <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\bigl (}{\mathcal {E}}(c_{n}){\bigr )}_{n\in \mathbb {N} }}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-OPEN">
<mo maxsize="1.2em" minsize="1.2em">(</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">E</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>c</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-CLOSE">
<mo maxsize="1.2em" minsize="1.2em">)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">N</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\bigl (}{\mathcal {E}}(c_{n}){\bigr )}_{n\in \mathbb {N} }}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2d4f413250dd39fd01628d5ac16fb6fda6c3ec8d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.171ex; width:10.977ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\bigl (}{\mathcal {E}}(c_{n}){\bigr )}_{n\in \mathbb {N} }}" loading="lazy"></span> einer Folge endlicher Approximationen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle c_{n}\to c}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>c</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mi>c</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle c_{n}\to c}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d69373d5b6f4353138150bd2250e007d7f1bf179.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:6.846ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle c_{n}\to c}" loading="lazy"></span> eines Koeffizientenvektors <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle c\in \ell ^{2}(X)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>c</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>ℓ<!-- ℓ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>X</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle c\in \ell ^{2}(X)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/3b7cce4b3495f4a24922d0d46c12524ed64216d2.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:9.661ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle c\in \ell ^{2}(X)}" loading="lazy"></span> eine Cauchyfolge im Hilbertraum <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {H}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">H</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\mathcal {H}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/19ef4c7b923a5125ac91aa491838a95ee15b804f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.964ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {H}}}" loading="lazy"></span>. Diese Folge besitzt also einen Grenzwert, und dieser ist unabhängig von der gewählten approximierenden Folge.
</p><p>Da <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {E}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">E</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\mathcal {E}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9c298ed828ff778065aeb5f0f305097f55bb9ae0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.311ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {E}}}" loading="lazy"></span> ein <a href="Linearer_Operator" title="Linearer Operator">linearer Operator</a> zwischen zwei Hilberträumen ist, gibt es einen <a href="Adjungierter_Operator" title="Adjungierter Operator">adjungierten Operator</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {E}}^{*}\colon {\mathcal {H}}\to \ell _{2}(X)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">E</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∗<!-- ∗ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>:<!-- : --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">H</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>ℓ<!-- ℓ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>X</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\mathcal {E}}^{*}\colon {\mathcal {H}}\to \ell _{2}(X)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/61612b15361f061aeff53baa3563c79f3a0678db.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:14.816ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {E}}^{*}\colon {\mathcal {H}}\to \ell _{2}(X)}" loading="lazy"></span>. Nach Definition eines adjungierten Operators bestimmt sich dieser zu <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {E}}^{*}(v)\colon X\to \mathbb {K} \colon \;x\mapsto \langle x,v\rangle }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">E</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∗<!-- ∗ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>v</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>:<!-- : --></mo>
<mi>X</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">K</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>:<!-- : --></mo>
<mspace width="thickmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">↦<!-- ↦ --></mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟨<!-- ⟨ --></mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>v</mi>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\mathcal {E}}^{*}(v)\colon X\to \mathbb {K} \colon \;x\mapsto \langle x,v\rangle }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1b27d644d96f16cef2ba0f463de29d205c86ebec.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:25.687ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {E}}^{*}(v)\colon X\to \mathbb {K} \colon \;x\mapsto \langle x,v\rangle }" loading="lazy"></span>. Ist <i>X</i> ein Besselsystem, so erfüllt der adjungierte Operator eine <a href="Besselsche_Ungleichung" title="Besselsche Ungleichung">Besselsche Ungleichung</a>: Mit der Konstanten <i>B&gt;0</i> gilt für beliebige Vektoren <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle v\in {\mathcal {H}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>v</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">H</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle v\in {\mathcal {H}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/5a115cc2960581b44717e40837c72a7da741a38d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.932ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle v\in {\mathcal {H}}}" loading="lazy"></span> die Ungleichung
</p>
<dl><dd><dl><dd><dl><dd><dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \|{\mathcal {E}}^{*}(v)\|^{2}=\sum _{x\in X}|\langle x,v\rangle |^{2}\leq B\,\|v\|^{2}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">E</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∗<!-- ∗ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>v</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<msup>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>=</mo>
<munder>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mi>X</mi>
</mrow>
</munder>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟨<!-- ⟨ --></mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>v</mi>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>≤<!-- ≤ --></mo>
<mi>B</mi>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
<mi>v</mi>
<msup>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \|{\mathcal {E}}^{*}(v)\|^{2}=\sum _{x\in X}|\langle x,v\rangle |^{2}\leq B\,\|v\|^{2}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b4450b94b57bbf26795773f06258c0228c071aeb.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.171ex; width:33.034ex; height:5.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \|{\mathcal {E}}^{*}(v)\|^{2}=\sum _{x\in X}|\langle x,v\rangle |^{2}\leq B\,\|v\|^{2}}" loading="lazy"></span>.</dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lineare_Unabhängigkeit"><span id="Lineare_Unabh.C3.A4ngigkeit"></span>Lineare Unabhängigkeit</h3></div>
<p>In vielen Fällen ist die Definition nicht ausreichend, dass keine nichttriviale Linearkombination aus <i>X</i> der <a href="Nullvektor" title="Nullvektor">Nullvektor</a> ist. So kann es trotz dieser Eigenschaft der Fall sein, dass es beliebig kleine Linearkombinationen gibt, bei denen der Koeffizientenvektor die Länge 1 hat. Es ist also verschärfend zu fordern, dass <i>X</i> ein Besselsystem ist und es eine untere Schranke <i>A&gt;0</i> gibt, so dass
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \|{\mathcal {E}}(c)\|_{\mathcal {H}}\geq {\sqrt {A}}\|c\|_{\ell ^{2}(X)}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">E</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>c</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<msub>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">H</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>≥<!-- ≥ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<mi>A</mi>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
<mi>c</mi>
<msub>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msup>
<mi>ℓ<!-- ℓ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>X</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \|{\mathcal {E}}(c)\|_{\mathcal {H}}\geq {\sqrt {A}}\|c\|_{\ell ^{2}(X)}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/6468224bcec69fdc50fc27764bcdc605a67bf82a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.338ex; width:22.611ex; height:3.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \|{\mathcal {E}}(c)\|_{\mathcal {H}}\geq {\sqrt {A}}\|c\|_{\ell ^{2}(X)}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>für alle Koeffizientenvektoren <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle c\in \ell ^{2}(X)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>c</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>ℓ<!-- ℓ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>X</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle c\in \ell ^{2}(X)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/3b7cce4b3495f4a24922d0d46c12524ed64216d2.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:9.661ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle c\in \ell ^{2}(X)}" loading="lazy"></span> gilt.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Definition_(Rieszsystem)"><span id="Definition_.28Rieszsystem.29"></span>Definition (Rieszsystem)</h4></div>
<p>Ein System <i>X</i> von Vektoren eines Hilbertraumes heißt <i>Rieszsystem</i>, falls es endliche Konstanten <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 0<A<B<\infty }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mn>0</mn>
<mo>&lt;</mo>
<mi>A</mi>
<mo>&lt;</mo>
<mi>B</mi>
<mo>&lt;</mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∞<!-- ∞ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 0&lt;A&lt;B&lt;\infty }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/31d1afbf03dfac1f19117dd4ecdd44f91ea1cae5.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:16.289ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 0<A<B<\infty }" loading="lazy"></span> gibt, so dass für endliche Koeffizientenvektoren <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle c\in \ell ^{2}(X)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>c</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>ℓ<!-- ℓ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>X</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle c\in \ell ^{2}(X)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/3b7cce4b3495f4a24922d0d46c12524ed64216d2.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:9.661ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle c\in \ell ^{2}(X)}" loading="lazy"></span> und damit für alle Koeffizientenvektoren die Ungleichungen
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\sqrt {A}}\|c\|_{\ell ^{2}(X)}\leq \|\sum _{x\in X}c(x)\,x\|_{\mathcal {H}}\leq {\sqrt {B}}\,\|c\|_{\ell ^{2}(X)}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<mi>A</mi>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
<mi>c</mi>
<msub>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msup>
<mi>ℓ<!-- ℓ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>X</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>≤<!-- ≤ --></mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
<munder>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mi>X</mi>
</mrow>
</munder>
<mi>c</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>x</mi>
<msub>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">H</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>≤<!-- ≤ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<mi>B</mi>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
<mi>c</mi>
<msub>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msup>
<mi>ℓ<!-- ℓ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>X</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\sqrt {A}}\|c\|_{\ell ^{2}(X)}\leq \|\sum _{x\in X}c(x)\,x\|_{\mathcal {H}}\leq {\sqrt {B}}\,\|c\|_{\ell ^{2}(X)}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/537efdd9d9a2bd34a40c0b6359c4e8a4f3d7cce6.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.171ex; width:43.503ex; height:5.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\sqrt {A}}\|c\|_{\ell ^{2}(X)}\leq \|\sum _{x\in X}c(x)\,x\|_{\mathcal {H}}\leq {\sqrt {B}}\,\|c\|_{\ell ^{2}(X)}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>erfüllt sind.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Erzeugendensystem">Erzeugendensystem</h3></div>
<p>Ein Erzeugendensystem <i>X</i> im Hilbertraum kann dadurch charakterisiert werden, dass das <a href="Orthogonales_Komplement" class="mw-redirect" title="Orthogonales Komplement">orthogonale Komplement</a> von <i>X</i> nur aus dem Nullvektor besteht. Ist <i>X</i> zusätzlich ein Besselsystem, so bilden die Skalarprodukte <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \langle v,\,x\rangle }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟨<!-- ⟨ --></mo>
<mi>v</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \langle v,\,x\rangle }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/5046002a7b5b43029677c4fefd92d5c11fb6a8f0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:5.688ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \langle v,\,x\rangle }" loading="lazy"></span> die Komponenten des Vektors <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {E}}^{*}(v)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">E</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∗<!-- ∗ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>v</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\mathcal {E}}^{*}(v)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/22be7f5583940cb79f1a2c28062940e16f815dcc.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:5.327ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {E}}^{*}(v)}" loading="lazy"></span>. D. h., jeder Vektor <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle v\in {\mathcal {H}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>v</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">H</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle v\in {\mathcal {H}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/5a115cc2960581b44717e40837c72a7da741a38d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.932ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle v\in {\mathcal {H}}}" loading="lazy"></span> mit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {E}}^{*}(v)=0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">E</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∗<!-- ∗ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>v</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\mathcal {E}}^{*}(v)=0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b5848f31de8fe29a7ba57cdeae4097408c17bfdb.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:9.588ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {E}}^{*}(v)=0}" loading="lazy"></span> muss der Nullvektor sein.
</p><p>Wieder ist diese Charakterisierung in vielen Fällen nicht ausreichend, da es möglich wäre, dass <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {E}}^{*}(v)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">E</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∗<!-- ∗ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>v</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\mathcal {E}}^{*}(v)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/22be7f5583940cb79f1a2c28062940e16f815dcc.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:5.327ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {E}}^{*}(v)}" loading="lazy"></span> auf der Einheitskugel beliebig kleine Werte annimmt. Um dies zu verhindern, fordert man die Existenz einer unteren Schranke <i>A&gt;0</i> für die Werte auf der Einheitskugel, es sei für alle <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle v\in {\mathcal {H}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>v</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">H</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle v\in {\mathcal {H}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/5a115cc2960581b44717e40837c72a7da741a38d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.932ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle v\in {\mathcal {H}}}" loading="lazy"></span> mit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \|v\|_{\mathcal {H}}=1}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
<mi>v</mi>
<msub>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">H</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \|v\|_{\mathcal {H}}=1}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9ecf26eb3418b4a4b0f6c9a3a5f69c5c9a51acfb.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:9.334ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \|v\|_{\mathcal {H}}=1}" loading="lazy"></span> die Ungleichung
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \|{\mathcal {E}}^{*}(v)\|_{\ell ^{2}(X)}^{2}=\sum _{x\in X}|\langle v,\,x\rangle |^{2}\geq A}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">E</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∗<!-- ∗ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>v</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<msubsup>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msup>
<mi>ℓ<!-- ℓ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>X</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo>=</mo>
<munder>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mi>X</mi>
</mrow>
</munder>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟨<!-- ⟨ --></mo>
<mi>v</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>≥<!-- ≥ --></mo>
<mi>A</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \|{\mathcal {E}}^{*}(v)\|_{\ell ^{2}(X)}^{2}=\sum _{x\in X}|\langle v,\,x\rangle |^{2}\geq A}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e5c77fd6fdf773ce761e50ce55124bbc2b0ed140.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.171ex; width:31.881ex; height:5.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \|{\mathcal {E}}^{*}(v)\|_{\ell ^{2}(X)}^{2}=\sum _{x\in X}|\langle v,\,x\rangle |^{2}\geq A}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>erfüllt.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Definition_(Frame)"><span id="Definition_.28Frame.29"></span>Definition (Frame)</h4></div>
<div class="hauptartikel" role="navigation"><span class="hauptartikel-pfeil" title="siehe" aria-hidden="true" role="presentation">→&nbsp;</span><i><span class="hauptartikel-text">Hauptartikel</span>: <a href="Frame_(Hilbertraum)" title="Frame (Hilbertraum)">Frame (Hilbertraum)</a></i></div>
<p>Ein System <i>X</i> von Vektoren in einem Hilbertraum heißt <i>Frame</i> (en. für Rahmen), falls es endliche Konstanten <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 0<A<B<\infty }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mn>0</mn>
<mo>&lt;</mo>
<mi>A</mi>
<mo>&lt;</mo>
<mi>B</mi>
<mo>&lt;</mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∞<!-- ∞ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 0&lt;A&lt;B&lt;\infty }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/31d1afbf03dfac1f19117dd4ecdd44f91ea1cae5.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:16.289ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 0<A<B<\infty }" loading="lazy"></span>, die <i>Framekonstanten</i>, gibt, so dass für jeden Vektor <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle v\in {\mathcal {H}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>v</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">H</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle v\in {\mathcal {H}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/5a115cc2960581b44717e40837c72a7da741a38d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.932ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle v\in {\mathcal {H}}}" loading="lazy"></span> die Ungleichungen
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\sqrt {A}}\|v\|_{\mathcal {H}}\leq \|{\mathcal {E}}^{*}(v)\|_{\ell ^{2}(X)}\leq {\sqrt {B}}\|v\|_{\mathcal {H}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<mi>A</mi>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
<mi>v</mi>
<msub>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">H</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>≤<!-- ≤ --></mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">E</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∗<!-- ∗ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>v</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<msub>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msup>
<mi>ℓ<!-- ℓ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>X</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>≤<!-- ≤ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<mi>B</mi>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
<mi>v</mi>
<msub>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">H</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\sqrt {A}}\|v\|_{\mathcal {H}}\leq \|{\mathcal {E}}^{*}(v)\|_{\ell ^{2}(X)}\leq {\sqrt {B}}\|v\|_{\mathcal {H}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8759d431843e0dd9528f8784bb6bff628806492e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.338ex; width:35.804ex; height:3.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\sqrt {A}}\|v\|_{\mathcal {H}}\leq \|{\mathcal {E}}^{*}(v)\|_{\ell ^{2}(X)}\leq {\sqrt {B}}\|v\|_{\mathcal {H}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>erfüllt sind.
Gilt sogar <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A=B}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>A</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>B</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A=B}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/045cafe35b1e9c9ac889481fd7178d6f59a77fdb.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:6.606ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A=B}" loading="lazy"></span>, so wird <i>X</i> ein <i>straffer Frame</i> (engl. „tight frame“) genannt.
</p><p>Insbesondere folgt aus dieser Eigenschaft die Existenz eines stetigen <a href="Pseudoinverse" title="Pseudoinverse">pseudoinversen</a> Operators (s. weiter unten).
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Definition_(Rieszbasis)"><span id="Definition_.28Rieszbasis.29"></span>Definition (Rieszbasis)</h4></div>
<p>Ein System <i>X</i> von Vektoren in einem Hilbertraum heißt <i>Rieszbasis</i>, falls es gleichzeitig ein Rieszsystem und ein Frame ist.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Folgerungen">Folgerungen</h2></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Für_Rieszsysteme"><span id="F.C3.BCr_Rieszsysteme"></span>Für Rieszsysteme</h3></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pseudoinverse_und_Bestapproximation">Pseudoinverse und Bestapproximation</h4></div>
<p>Ein Rieszsystem <i>X</i> spannt einen abgeschlossenen Unterraum im Hilbertraum <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {H}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">H</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\mathcal {H}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/19ef4c7b923a5125ac91aa491838a95ee15b804f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.964ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {H}}}" loading="lazy"></span> auf. Zu jedem beliebigen Vektor <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle v\in {\mathcal {H}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>v</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">H</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle v\in {\mathcal {H}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/5a115cc2960581b44717e40837c72a7da741a38d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.932ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle v\in {\mathcal {H}}}" loading="lazy"></span> gibt es eine Bestapproximation in diesem Unterraum, d. h. einen Koeffizientenvektor <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle c\in \ell ^{2}(X)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>c</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>ℓ<!-- ℓ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>X</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle c\in \ell ^{2}(X)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/3b7cce4b3495f4a24922d0d46c12524ed64216d2.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:9.661ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle c\in \ell ^{2}(X)}" loading="lazy"></span> für welchen der Abstand <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \|v-{\mathcal {E}}(c)\|_{\mathcal {H}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
<mi>v</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">E</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>c</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<msub>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">H</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \|v-{\mathcal {E}}(c)\|_{\mathcal {H}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/afadce724c712ec7130dafa1bef32f4c9d1fc25c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:12.041ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \|v-{\mathcal {E}}(c)\|_{\mathcal {H}}}" loading="lazy"></span> minimal wird. Dieser Koeffizientenvektor bestimmt sich zu
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle c={\mathcal {E}}^{-}(v)=\left(({\mathcal {E}}^{*}\circ {\mathcal {E}})^{-1}\circ {\mathcal {E}}^{*}\right)(v)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>c</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">E</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>v</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">E</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∗<!-- ∗ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>∘<!-- ∘ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">E</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>∘<!-- ∘ --></mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">E</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∗<!-- ∗ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>v</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle c={\mathcal {E}}^{-}(v)=\left(({\mathcal {E}}^{*}\circ {\mathcal {E}})^{-1}\circ {\mathcal {E}}^{*}\right)(v)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/5d72f9379a381ec7d4e76d7be37d5f438906a5cf.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:33.065ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle c={\mathcal {E}}^{-}(v)=\left(({\mathcal {E}}^{*}\circ {\mathcal {E}})^{-1}\circ {\mathcal {E}}^{*}\right)(v)}" loading="lazy"></span>.</dd></dl>
<p>Der in diesem Ausdruck vorkommende inverse Operator existiert, da das Komposit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {E}}^{*}\circ {\mathcal {E}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">E</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∗<!-- ∗ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>∘<!-- ∘ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">E</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\mathcal {E}}^{*}\circ {\mathcal {E}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/fcda6db308b0008b3522a83a1f23c1c5a709b63b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.896ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {E}}^{*}\circ {\mathcal {E}}}" loading="lazy"></span> beschränkt, selbstadjungiert und positiv definit ist. Der inverse Operator kann als <a href="Neumann-Reihe" title="Neumann-Reihe">Neumann-Reihe</a> konstruiert werden, denn es gilt
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {E}}^{*}\circ {\mathcal {E}}=C\,(I-T)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">E</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∗<!-- ∗ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>∘<!-- ∘ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">E</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>C</mi>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>I</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>T</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\mathcal {E}}^{*}\circ {\mathcal {E}}=C\,(I-T)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/04fd65ac66f0003bc59831984ef79899fdf89d76.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:18.606ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {E}}^{*}\circ {\mathcal {E}}=C\,(I-T)}" loading="lazy"></span>, daher <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle ({\mathcal {E}}^{*}\circ {\mathcal {E}})^{-1}={\frac {1}{C}}\left(I+T+\sum _{k=2}^{\infty }T^{k}\right)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">E</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∗<!-- ∗ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>∘<!-- ∘ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">E</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mi>C</mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mi>I</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>T</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<munderover>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">∞<!-- ∞ --></mi>
</mrow>
</munderover>
<msup>
<mi>T</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle ({\mathcal {E}}^{*}\circ {\mathcal {E}})^{-1}={\frac {1}{C}}\left(I+T+\sum _{k=2}^{\infty }T^{k}\right)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a872256f6cd9bfa26a5e657fe78ec11f41ab6321.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.171ex; width:34.847ex; height:7.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle ({\mathcal {E}}^{*}\circ {\mathcal {E}})^{-1}={\frac {1}{C}}\left(I+T+\sum _{k=2}^{\infty }T^{k}\right)}" loading="lazy"></span>,</dd></dl>
<p>denn der Term
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle T=I-{\tfrac {1}{C}}\left({\mathcal {E}}^{*}\circ {\mathcal {E}}\right)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>T</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>I</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mi>C</mi>
</mfrac>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">E</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∗<!-- ∗ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>∘<!-- ∘ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">E</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle T=I-{\tfrac {1}{C}}\left({\mathcal {E}}^{*}\circ {\mathcal {E}}\right)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b3cc0dc580858079c3da157b019b7404893af20c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.338ex; width:18.925ex; height:3.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle T=I-{\tfrac {1}{C}}\left({\mathcal {E}}^{*}\circ {\mathcal {E}}\right)}" loading="lazy"></span>, mit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle C:={\frac {A+B}{2}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>C</mi>
<mo>:=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi>A</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>B</mi>
</mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle C:={\frac {A+B}{2}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/49296e7e98819d25d65ce878af1a9632cdfdad23.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:12.695ex; height:5.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle C:={\frac {A+B}{2}}}" loading="lazy"></span>,</dd></dl>
<p>hat eine <a href="Operatornorm" title="Operatornorm">Operatornorm</a> kleiner 1.
</p><p>Der Operator <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {E}}^{-}:{\mathcal {H}}\to \ell ^{2}(X)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">E</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>:</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">H</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>ℓ<!-- ℓ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>X</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\mathcal {E}}^{-}:{\mathcal {H}}\to \ell ^{2}(X)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a8a4035fedab2a4936bca1f1db391433369674ef.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:16.175ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {E}}^{-}:{\mathcal {H}}\to \ell ^{2}(X)}" loading="lazy"></span> ist der pseudoinverse Operator zu <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {E}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">E</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\mathcal {E}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9c298ed828ff778065aeb5f0f305097f55bb9ae0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.311ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {E}}}" loading="lazy"></span>, es gelten die zwei Identitäten
</p>
<dl><dd><ul><li><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {E}}^{-}\circ {\mathcal {E}}=id_{\ell ^{2}(X)}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">E</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>∘<!-- ∘ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">E</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>i</mi>
<msub>
<mi>d</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msup>
<mi>ℓ<!-- ℓ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>X</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\mathcal {E}}^{-}\circ {\mathcal {E}}=id_{\ell ^{2}(X)}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/61d3f44cfd9e29f001aaad1b73febd1040c07967.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.338ex; width:15.892ex; height:3.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {E}}^{-}\circ {\mathcal {E}}=id_{\ell ^{2}(X)}}" loading="lazy"></span> ist die Identität im Raum der Koeffizientenvektoren und</li>
<li><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {E}}\circ {\mathcal {E}}^{-}=pr_{im({\mathcal {E}})}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">E</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>∘<!-- ∘ --></mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">E</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>p</mi>
<msub>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mi>m</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">E</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\mathcal {E}}\circ {\mathcal {E}}^{-}=pr_{im({\mathcal {E}})}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/bdec491a7c47612584e44c02eac5efcc27a1a0cc.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.171ex; width:16.118ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {E}}\circ {\mathcal {E}}^{-}=pr_{im({\mathcal {E}})}}" loading="lazy"></span> ist der orthogonale Projektor auf das Bild <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle im({\mathcal {E}})\subset {\mathcal {H}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>i</mi>
<mi>m</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">E</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>⊂<!-- ⊂ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">H</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle im({\mathcal {E}})\subset {\mathcal {H}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/98353aa9882e54a470d74648810e900b7e44cfb2.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:11.025ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle im({\mathcal {E}})\subset {\mathcal {H}}}" loading="lazy"></span>.</li></ul></dd></dl>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Für_Frames"><span id="F.C3.BCr_Frames"></span>Für Frames</h3></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pseudoinverse">Pseudoinverse</h4></div>
<p>Als Folge der Frameungleichung ist der Operator <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {E}}:\ell ^{2}(X)\to {\mathcal {H}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">E</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>:</mo>
<msup>
<mi>ℓ<!-- ℓ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>X</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">H</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\mathcal {E}}:\ell ^{2}(X)\to {\mathcal {H}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/94c4247f1e66cc346cd46d352e0ea8487548fe27.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:14.639ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {E}}:\ell ^{2}(X)\to {\mathcal {H}}}" loading="lazy"></span> surjektiv. Denn das orthogonale Komplement des Bildes ist gerade der Kern von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {E}}^{*}:{\mathcal {H}}\to \ell ^{2}(X)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">E</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∗<!-- ∗ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>:</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">H</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>ℓ<!-- ℓ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>X</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\mathcal {E}}^{*}:{\mathcal {H}}\to \ell ^{2}(X)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9e3426cfe96374794bc2fd1b0177404bbf3c776a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:15.719ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {E}}^{*}:{\mathcal {H}}\to \ell ^{2}(X)}" loading="lazy"></span>, und nach der linken Ungleichung hat jeder Vektor im Kern die Länge Null.
</p><p>Analog zur Überlegung zum Rieszsystem ist nun der Operator <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {E}}\circ {\mathcal {E}}^{*}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">E</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>∘<!-- ∘ --></mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">E</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∗<!-- ∗ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\mathcal {E}}\circ {\mathcal {E}}^{*}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/543084afe93d2f5a0fe4c742e268238a06abe76e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.896ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {E}}\circ {\mathcal {E}}^{*}}" loading="lazy"></span> selbstadjungiert, beschränkt und positiv definit. Es gibt dessen inversen Operator <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle R=({\mathcal {E}}\circ {\mathcal {E}}^{*})^{-1}:{\mathcal {H}}\to {\mathcal {H}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>R</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">E</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>∘<!-- ∘ --></mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">E</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∗<!-- ∗ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>:</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">H</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">H</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle R=({\mathcal {E}}\circ {\mathcal {E}}^{*})^{-1}:{\mathcal {H}}\to {\mathcal {H}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b2da629c0e10f6113e85f5881df04ef775b31df9.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:24.38ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle R=({\mathcal {E}}\circ {\mathcal {E}}^{*})^{-1}:{\mathcal {H}}\to {\mathcal {H}}}" loading="lazy"></span>, mit welchem wiederum der pseudoinverse Operator <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {E}}^{-}={\mathcal {E}}^{*}\circ R}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">E</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>=</mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">E</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∗<!-- ∗ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>∘<!-- ∘ --></mo>
<mi>R</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\mathcal {E}}^{-}={\mathcal {E}}^{*}\circ R}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/090439064fad4eeccb5fdef8502d80c5005fea6a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:12.295ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {E}}^{-}={\mathcal {E}}^{*}\circ R}" loading="lazy"></span> gebildet werden kann. In diesem Fall gelten die Identitäten
</p>
<dl><dd><ul><li><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {E}}\circ {\mathcal {E}}^{-}=id_{\mathcal {H}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">E</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>∘<!-- ∘ --></mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">E</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>i</mi>
<msub>
<mi>d</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">H</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\mathcal {E}}\circ {\mathcal {E}}^{-}=id_{\mathcal {H}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/78106ee621121d0e5ab2ece6eb852ecc73752523.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:13.084ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {E}}\circ {\mathcal {E}}^{-}=id_{\mathcal {H}}}" loading="lazy"></span> ist die Identität des Hilbertraumes und</li>
<li><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {E}}^{-}\circ {\mathcal {E}}=pr_{im({\mathcal {E}}^{*})}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">E</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>∘<!-- ∘ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">E</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>p</mi>
<msub>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mi>m</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">E</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∗<!-- ∗ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\mathcal {E}}^{-}\circ {\mathcal {E}}=pr_{im({\mathcal {E}}^{*})}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/147c78676d1365b2097839137210244d07a68e77.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.171ex; width:16.968ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {E}}^{-}\circ {\mathcal {E}}=pr_{im({\mathcal {E}}^{*})}}" loading="lazy"></span> ist die Projektion auf das Bild des adjungierten Operators, welches gleichzeitig das orthogonale Komplement des Kerns ist, <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle im({\mathcal {E}}^{*})=ker({\mathcal {E}})^{\bot }}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>i</mi>
<mi>m</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">E</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∗<!-- ∗ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>k</mi>
<mi>e</mi>
<mi>r</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">E</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">⊥<!-- ⊥ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle im({\mathcal {E}}^{*})=ker({\mathcal {E}})^{\bot }}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/93de82ea4d0eae262eb4fcfffb12efe8bc8d02e9.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:18.116ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle im({\mathcal {E}}^{*})=ker({\mathcal {E}})^{\bot }}" loading="lazy"></span>.</li></ul></dd></dl>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Kleinster_Koeffizientenvektor">Kleinster Koeffizientenvektor</h4></div>
<p>Mit einem Frame <i>X</i> kann jeder Vektor <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle v\in {\mathcal {H}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>v</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">H</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle v\in {\mathcal {H}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/5a115cc2960581b44717e40837c72a7da741a38d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.932ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle v\in {\mathcal {H}}}" loading="lazy"></span> als Linearkombination des Systems <i>X</i> dargestellt werden. Oft gibt es mehrere Koeffizientenvektoren, die diese Aufgabe erfüllen. Unter all diesen Koeffizientenvektoren ist <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {E}}^{-}(v)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">E</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>v</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\mathcal {E}}^{-}(v)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0c9f6f9ad8a0324008f8e24b6bfd6151d7b045e2.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:5.784ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {E}}^{-}(v)}" loading="lazy"></span> der kleinste.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dualer_Frame">Dualer Frame</h4></div>
<p>Es gibt zu einem Frame <i>X</i> einen dualen Frame <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle RX=\{Rx:\;x\in X\}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>R</mi>
<mi>X</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">{</mo>
<mi>R</mi>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>:</mo>
<mspace width="thickmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mi>X</mi>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">}</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle RX=\{Rx:\;x\in X\}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/18c5acc5854947e33b30058e7dd4fc5603b8d8ee.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:20.994ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle RX=\{Rx:\;x\in X\}}" loading="lazy"></span>, wobei <i>R</i> der oben definierte inverse Operator zu <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {E}}\circ {\mathcal {E}}^{*}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">E</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>∘<!-- ∘ --></mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">E</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∗<!-- ∗ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\mathcal {E}}\circ {\mathcal {E}}^{*}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/543084afe93d2f5a0fe4c742e268238a06abe76e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.896ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {E}}\circ {\mathcal {E}}^{*}}" loading="lazy"></span> ist. Dieses System ist tatsächlich ein Frame mit Konstanten <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 0<{\tfrac {1}{B}}\leq {\tfrac {1}{A}}<\infty }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mn>0</mn>
<mo>&lt;</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mi>B</mi>
</mfrac>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<mo>≤<!-- ≤ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mi>A</mi>
</mfrac>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<mo>&lt;</mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∞<!-- ∞ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 0&lt;{\tfrac {1}{B}}\leq {\tfrac {1}{A}}&lt;\infty }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/98fc769437c3a7046c5297c773724195b1f6cc81.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.338ex; width:16.934ex; height:3.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 0<{\tfrac {1}{B}}\leq {\tfrac {1}{A}}<\infty }" loading="lazy"></span>, er ist dual in dem Sinne, dass die Identität <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle v=({\mathcal {E}}\circ {\mathcal {E}}^{-})(v)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>v</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">E</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>∘<!-- ∘ --></mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">E</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>v</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle v=({\mathcal {E}}\circ {\mathcal {E}}^{-})(v)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e9d58bb68b0a570b678a9cd67768880aa9a04554.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:15.325ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle v=({\mathcal {E}}\circ {\mathcal {E}}^{-})(v)}" loading="lazy"></span> entwickelt werden kann zu
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle v=\sum _{x\in X}\langle x,Rv\rangle \,x=\sum _{x\in X}\langle Rx,v\rangle \,x}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>v</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<munder>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mi>X</mi>
</mrow>
</munder>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟨<!-- ⟨ --></mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>R</mi>
<mi>v</mi>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<munder>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mi>X</mi>
</mrow>
</munder>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟨<!-- ⟨ --></mo>
<mi>R</mi>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>v</mi>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>x</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle v=\sum _{x\in X}\langle x,Rv\rangle \,x=\sum _{x\in X}\langle Rx,v\rangle \,x}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c2bc43b02034d6360f3520b341ef57efb3c050b6.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.171ex; width:31.76ex; height:5.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle v=\sum _{x\in X}\langle x,Rv\rangle \,x=\sum _{x\in X}\langle Rx,v\rangle \,x}" loading="lazy"></span>,</dd></dl>
<p>d. h. die Skalarprodukte mit den Vektoren des dualen Frames ergeben die Komponenten des kleinsten Koeffizientenvektors zu <i>v</i>.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Parseval-Frame">Parseval-Frame</h4></div>
<p>Ein straffer Frame <i>X</i>, dessen Framekonstanten beide gleich 1 sind, wird <i>Parsevalframe</i> genannt, da in ihm die <a href="Parsevalsche_Gleichung" title="Parsevalsche Gleichung">Parsevalsche Gleichung</a>
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \forall v\in {\mathcal {H}}:\;\|v\|^{2}=\sum _{x\in X}|\langle v,x\rangle |^{2}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi mathvariant="normal">∀<!-- ∀ --></mi>
<mi>v</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">H</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>:</mo>
<mspace width="thickmathspace"></mspace>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
<mi>v</mi>
<msup>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>=</mo>
<munder>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mi>X</mi>
</mrow>
</munder>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟨<!-- ⟨ --></mo>
<mi>v</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \forall v\in {\mathcal {H}}:\;\|v\|^{2}=\sum _{x\in X}|\langle v,x\rangle |^{2}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/372a90651df260c690f09933f575a1bde1f19347.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.171ex; width:28.884ex; height:5.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \forall v\in {\mathcal {H}}:\;\|v\|^{2}=\sum _{x\in X}|\langle v,x\rangle |^{2}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>gilt. Dies ist äquivalent dazu, dass <i>X</i> sein eigener dualer Frame ist, d. h. jeder Vektor kann entwickelt werden als
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle v=\sum _{x\in X}\langle x,v\rangle \,x}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>v</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<munder>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
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<mi>x</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
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<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟨<!-- ⟨ --></mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
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<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>x</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle v=\sum _{x\in X}\langle x,v\rangle \,x}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/213616c36ce2a36842d5a9d5693951e10fdcd6f4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.171ex; width:14.68ex; height:5.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle v=\sum _{x\in X}\langle x,v\rangle \,x}" loading="lazy"></span>.</dd></dl>
<p>Es gilt der Satz: Sind die Vektoren eines Parsevalframes <i>X</i> allesamt Einheitsvektoren, so ist <i>X</i> schon eine Hilbertbasis.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Für_Rieszbasen"><span id="F.C3.BCr_Rieszbasen"></span>Für Rieszbasen</h3></div>
<p>In einer Rieszbasis stimmen die Konstanten <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 0<A\leq B<\infty }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mn>0</mn>
<mo>&lt;</mo>
<mi>A</mi>
<mo>≤<!-- ≤ --></mo>
<mi>B</mi>
<mo>&lt;</mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∞<!-- ∞ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 0&lt;A\leq B&lt;\infty }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/cc69fe4db5fff2df0f45ded187038cc8a7aadb8c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:16.289ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 0<A\leq B<\infty }" loading="lazy"></span> der Ungleichung aus der Definition des Rieszsystems mit den Framekonstanten überein und der pseudoinverse Operator <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {E}}^{-}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">E</mi>
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</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\mathcal {E}}^{-}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9b58205356ff0f1ce2e8ab53fb38829b9acd8b11.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.847ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {E}}^{-}}" loading="lazy"></span> ist tatsächlich schon der inverse Operator zu <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {E}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">E</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\mathcal {E}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9c298ed828ff778065aeb5f0f305097f55bb9ae0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.311ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {E}}}" loading="lazy"></span>.
</p><p>Gilt zusätzlich noch A=B=1, so ist <i>X</i> schon ein vollständiges <a href="Orthonormalsystem" class="mw-redirect" title="Orthonormalsystem">Orthonormalsystem</a>, d. h. eine <i>Hilbert-Basis</i>. In diesem Fall gilt sowohl die <a href="Parsevalsche_Gleichung" title="Parsevalsche Gleichung">Parsevalsche Gleichung</a>
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \forall v\in H:\;\|v\|^{2}=\sum _{x\in X}|\langle v,x\rangle |^{2}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi mathvariant="normal">∀<!-- ∀ --></mi>
<mi>v</mi>
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<mo>:</mo>
<mspace width="thickmathspace"></mspace>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
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<mn>2</mn>
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<mo>=</mo>
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<mi>x</mi>
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<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
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<mi>v</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
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<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
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</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \forall v\in H:\;\|v\|^{2}=\sum _{x\in X}|\langle v,x\rangle |^{2}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/6cb62b13e1842c8fc072dd6916e668a7c491c3ce.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.171ex; width:28.984ex; height:5.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \forall v\in H:\;\|v\|^{2}=\sum _{x\in X}|\langle v,x\rangle |^{2}}" loading="lazy"></span>,</dd></dl>
<p>was äquivalent zu
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \forall v\in H:\;v=\sum _{x\in X}\langle v,x\rangle \,x}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi mathvariant="normal">∀<!-- ∀ --></mi>
<mi>v</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mi>H</mi>
<mo>:</mo>
<mspace width="thickmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>v</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<munder>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mi>X</mi>
</mrow>
</munder>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟨<!-- ⟨ --></mo>
<mi>v</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>x</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \forall v\in H:\;v=\sum _{x\in X}\langle v,x\rangle \,x}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/fc2fa8f93bafe8107a4d05a76db36de8c4612732.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.171ex; width:24.587ex; height:5.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \forall v\in H:\;v=\sum _{x\in X}\langle v,x\rangle \,x}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>ist; als auch
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \forall c\in \ell _{2}(X)\;\forall y\in X:\;c_{y}=\langle \sum _{x\in X}c_{x}\,x,y\rangle }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi mathvariant="normal">∀<!-- ∀ --></mi>
<mi>c</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>ℓ<!-- ℓ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>X</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mspace width="thickmathspace"></mspace>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∀<!-- ∀ --></mi>
<mi>y</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mi>X</mi>
<mo>:</mo>
<mspace width="thickmathspace"></mspace>
<msub>
<mi>c</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>y</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟨<!-- ⟨ --></mo>
<munder>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mi>X</mi>
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</munder>
<msub>
<mi>c</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>x</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>y</mi>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \forall c\in \ell _{2}(X)\;\forall y\in X:\;c_{y}=\langle \sum _{x\in X}c_{x}\,x,y\rangle }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/6d230edab98641c982801e89c8a8688aae5fad87.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.171ex; width:38.323ex; height:5.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \forall c\in \ell _{2}(X)\;\forall y\in X:\;c_{y}=\langle \sum _{x\in X}c_{x}\,x,y\rangle }" loading="lazy"></span>,</dd></dl>
<p>äquivalent zu
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \forall c\in \ell _{2}(X):\;\|c\|=\|\sum _{x\in X}c_{x}\,x\|}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi mathvariant="normal">∀<!-- ∀ --></mi>
<mi>c</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>ℓ<!-- ℓ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>X</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>:</mo>
<mspace width="thickmathspace"></mspace>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
<mi>c</mi>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
<munder>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mi>X</mi>
</mrow>
</munder>
<msub>
<mi>c</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>x</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \forall c\in \ell _{2}(X):\;\|c\|=\|\sum _{x\in X}c_{x}\,x\|}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/30c6b955b21e9938a546e35bdb94cb1cedb8dad1.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.171ex; width:30.398ex; height:5.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \forall c\in \ell _{2}(X):\;\|c\|=\|\sum _{x\in X}c_{x}\,x\|}" loading="lazy"></span>.</dd></dl>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Weblinks">Weblinks</h2></div>
<ul><li>Otto Forster, Joachim Wehler: <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mathematik.uni-muenchen.de/~forster/vorlA0w_wav.html">Skript zur Vorlesung: Fourier-Transformation und Wavelets (nicht mehr verfügbar)</a></i>. LMU München 2000/01, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070709200926/http://www.pst.informatik.uni-muenchen.de/personen/wehler/wavelets10.PDF">Skript zur Vorlesung: Fourier-Transformation und Wavelets</a>, archive.org</li></ul></div><!--htdig_noindex--><div><div class="zim-footer">
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